NEET Material From Amma Education

NEET Material


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Ulaganeethi -Never spend a day without learning

உலகநாதர் இயற்றிய உலகநீதி

பாடல் : 1


ஓதாமல் ஒருநாளும் இருக்க வேண்டாம்
ஒருவரையும் பொல்லாங்கு சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
மாதாவை ஒருநாளும் மறக்க வேண்டாம்
வஞ்சனைகள் செய்வாரோடு இணங்க வேண்டாம்
போகாத இடந்தனிலே போக வேண்டாம்
போகவிட்டு புறஞ்சொல்லித் திரிய வேண்டாம்
வாகாரும் குறவருடை வள்ளி பங்கன்
மயிலேறும் பெருமாளை வாழ்த்தாய் நெஞ்சே.


விளக்கம்


கல்வி பயிலாமல், கற்றதை மனனப்பயிற்சி செய்யாமல் இருக்கக் கூடாது.
பிறர்மீது பழி கூறக்கூடாது. அம்மாவை மறக்கக்கூடாது. தீயவர்களோடு சேரக்கூடாது. தகாத இடங்களுக்கு செல்லக்கூடாது. ஒருவர் இல்லாதபோது, அவரைப் பற்றிக் குறை கூறக்கூடாது.வள்ளி மணவாளனான, மயில் வாகனனான, வலிமை பெற்ற முருகப் பெருமானை போற்றுவாய் மனமே.


English Translation


Never spend a day without learning.
Do not speak ill of others.
Do not ever forget your mother.
Do not befriend devious people.
Do not visit places if ill-repute.
Do not slander one to his back.
Praise the God who has Valli as his consort
and peacock as his mount.


பாடல் : 2


நெஞ்சாரப் பொய்தன்னைச் சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
நிலையில்லாக் காரியத்தை நிறுத்த வேண்டாம்
நஞ்சுடனே ஒருநாளும் பழக வேண்டாம்
நல்லிணக்கம் இல்லாரோடு இணங்க வேண்டாம்
அஞ்சாமல் தனிவழியே போக வேண்டாம்
அடுத்தவரை ஒருநாளும் கெடுக்க வேண்டாம்
மஞ்சாரும் குறவருடை வள்ளி பங்கன்
மயிலேறும் பெருமாளை வாழ்த்தாய் நெஞ்சே.


விளக்கம்


தெரிந்தே பொய் கூறக்கூடாது. நடக்காது என்று தெரிந்த காரியத்தை நிலை நிறுத்த முயலக் கூடாது. பாம்போடு விளையாடக்கூடாது. பண்பு இல்லாரோடு பழகக்கூடாது. தனியாக ஒருவரும் இல்லாத வழியில் செல்லக் கூடாது. பிறர் கெடுவதற்கு நாம் காரணமாக இருக்கக் கூடாது. மனமே! மலைநாட்டின் மகளான வள்ளி மணவாளனான, மயில் வாகனனான, முருகப் பெருமானை போற்றுவாய்.



English Translation

Do not utter lies knowingly.
Do not establish transient actions.
Do not associate with people of poisonous mind
Do not befriend people with different ideals.
Do not venture alone into lonely places
Do not cause other’s downfall
Praise the God who has Valli as his consort
and peacock as his mount


பாடல் : 3


மனம்போன போக்கெல்லாம் போக வேண்டாம்
மாற்றானை உறவென்று நம்ப வேண்டாம்
தனம்தேடி உண்ணாமல் புதைக்க வேண்டாம்
தருமத்தை ஒருநாளும் மறக்க வேண்டாம்
சினம்தேடி அல்லலையும் தேட வேண்டாம்
சினந்திருந்தார் வாசல்வழிச் சேர வேண்டாம்
வனம்தேடும் குறவருடை வள்ளி பங்கன்
மயிலேறும் பெருமாளை வாழ்த்தாய் நெஞ்சே


விளக்கம்


மனம் விரும்புவதையெல்லாம் செய்யக் கூடாது. பகைவனை உறவென்று கொள்ளக் கூடாது. பொருளைத் தேடிச்சேர்த்து, பின் அதை அனுபவிக்காமல் பாதுகாக்கக் கூடாது. தர்மம் செய்யாமல் இருக்கக் கூடாது. துன்பத்தில் முடியும் கோபத்தை கொள்ளக்கூடாது. கோபத்தோடு இருப்பவரிடம் செல்லக்கூடாது. மனமே! காட்டில் விலங்குகளைத் தேடித் திரிகின்ற குறவர் மகளான வள்ளி மணவாளனான, மயில் வாகனனான, முருகப் பெருமானை போற்றுவாய்.



English Translation

Do not give in to your desires
Do not trust a stranger as a relative.
Do not bury your wealth without enjoying its fruits.
Do not forget to perform charity.
Do not attract trouble by being angry.
Do not visit those cannot control anger
Praise the God who has Valli as his consort
and peacock as his mount


பாடல் : 4

குற்றம்ஒன்றும் பாராட்டித் திரிய வேண்டாம்
கொலைகளவு செய்வாரோடு இணங்க வேண்டாம்
கற்றவரை ஒருநாளும் பழிக்க வேண்டாம்
கற்புடைய மங்கையரைக் கருத வேண்டாம்
கொற்றவனோடு எதிர்மாறு பேச வேண்டாம்
கோயிலில்லா ஊரில் குடியிருக்க வேண்டாம்
மற்றுநிகர் இல்லாத வள்ளி பங்கன்
மயிலேறும் பெருமாளை வாழ்த்தாய் நெஞ்சே


விளக்கம்


பிறரிடம் எப்போதும் குற்றங்களையேப் பார்க்கக் கூடாது. கொலை, திருட்டு செய்பவரோடு சேரக்கூடாது. படித்தவர்களை இகழக்கூடாது. பிறன் மனைவியை நினைக்கக் கூடாது. ஆட்சிசெய்பவர்களோடு வாதம் செய்யக் கூடாது. கோவில் இல்லாத ஊரில் குடியிருக்கக் கூடாது. மனமே! வள்ளி மணவாளனான, மயில் வாகனனான, நிகரில்லாத முருகப் பெருமானை போற்றுவாய்.


English Translation


Do not always criticize others.
Do not associate with robbers and murderers.
Do not degrade the learned.
Do not lust after chaste women.
Do not antagonise those in power.
Do not live in areas that lack a place of worship.
Praise the God who has Valli as his consort
and peacock as his mount.


பாடல் : 5


வாழாமல் பெண்ணை வைத்துத்திரிய வேண்டாம்
மனையாளைக் குற்றமொன்றும் சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
வீழாத படுகுழியில் வீழ வேண்டாம்
வெஞ்சமரில் புறம்கொடுத்து மீள வேண்டாம்
தாழ்வான குலத்துடனே சேர வேண்டாம்
தாழ்ந்தவரைப் பொல்லாங்கு சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
வாழ்வாரும் குலவருடை வள்ளி பங்கன்
மயிலேறும் பெருமாளை வாழ்த்தாய் நெஞ்சே.


விளக்கம்

மனையாளோடு வாழாமல் பிறபெண்களைத் தேடி அலையக் கூடாது. மனைவியைக் குறை கூறக்கூடாது. தீய பழக்கங்களில் விழுந்து விடக் கூடாது. கடும்போரில் பின்வாங்கி ஓடக்கூடாது. கீழானவர்களோடு சேரக்கூடாது. அவர்களைக் குறை கூறக் கூடாது. மனமே! பெருவாழ்வு வாழும் குறவர் மகளான வள்ளி மணவாளன், மயில் வாகனன், முருகப் பெருமானை போற்றுவாய்.


English Translation


Do not abandon the woman you married
Do not castigate your wife.
Do not commit sinful act
Do not turn tail in a battle field.
Do not join with people of low ideals.
Do not insult those fallen on hard times.
Praise the God who has Valli as his consort
and peacock as his mount


பாடல் : 6


வார்த்தை சொல்வார் வாய்பார்த்துத் திரியவேண்டாம்
மதியாதார் தலைவாசல் மிதிக்க வேண்டாம்
மூத்தோர்சொல் வார்த்தைகளை மறக்க வேண்டாம்
முன்கோபக் காரரோடு இணங்க வேண்டாம்
வாத்தியார் கூலியை வைத்திருக்க வேண்டாம்
வழிபறித்துத் திரிவாரோடு இணங்க வேண்டாம்
சேர்த்த புகழாளன் ஒரு வள்ளி பங்கன்
திருக்கை வேலாயுதனை செப்பாய் நெஞ்சே



விளக்கம்


பிறரைப் பற்றியே பேசிக்கொண்டிருப்பவர் பேச்சைக் கேட்க வேண்டாம். நம்மை மதிக்காவர்கள் இல்லத்திற்கு செல்லக் கூடாது. அனுபவஸ்தர்களான பெரியோரின் அறிவுரைகளை மறக்கக் கூடாது. எதற்கெடுத்தாலும் கோபப்படுபவரோடு சேரக் கூடாது. கல்வியறிவு தந்த ஆசிரியர் சம்பளத்தைக் கொடுக்காமல் வைத்திருக்கக் கூடாது. திருடர்களோடு கூட்டு சேரக்கூடாது. மனமே! வல்லமையால் புகழ் சேர்த்த வள்ளி மணவாளன், மயில் வாகனன், முருகப் பெருமானை போற்றுவாய்.



English Translation


Do not follow those who are foul mouthed
Do not visit the home of those who do not value you
Do not forget the advice of the elderly.
Do not associate with those with short temper
Do not hold back your teacher’s due
Do not associate with robbers.
Praise the God who has Valli as his consort
And holds the spear in his hands


பாடல் : 6


கருதாமல் கருமங்கள் முடிக்க வேண்டாம்
கணக்கழிவை ஒருநாளும் பேச வேண்டாம்
பொருவார்தம் போர்க்களத்தில் போக வேண்டாம்
பொதுநிலத்தில் ஒருநாளும் இருக்க வேண்டாம்
இருதாரம் ஒருநாளும் தேட வேண்டாம்
எளியாரை எதிரிட்டுக் கொள்ள வேண்டாம்
குருகாரும் புனம்காக்கும் ஏழை பங்கன்
குமரவேள் பாதத்தைக் கூறாய் நெஞ்சே.


விளக்கம்

எண்ணித் திட்டமிடாமல் கார்யங்களை செய்யக் கூடாது. நம் நஷ்டங்களை பிறரிடம் கூறக்கூடாது. போர்க்களத்திற்கு வேடிக்கை பார்க்க செல்லக்கூடாது. புறம்போக்கு நிலத்தில் வசிக்கக்கூடாது. இரண்டாம் மணம் புரியக் கூடாது. எளியார் என்று பகைமை கொள்ளக் கூடாது. நெஞ்சே! தினைப் புனம் காக்கும் ஏழைப் பங்காளன் குமரவேள் பாதத்தைப் போற்று.


English Translation

Investigate before engaging
Do not offer false account
Do not get involved in your eneny’s war
Do not live in an area of common ownership
Do not wish for two wives
Do not develop enmity with the weak.
Praise the feet of Lord Kumaravel,
Guardian of forest, saviour of the poor.


பாடல் : 7

சேராத இடந்தனிலே சேர வேண்டாம்
செய்நன்றி ஒருநாளும் மறக்க வேண்டாம்
ஊரோடும் குண்டுணியாய்த் திரிய வேண்டாம்
உற்றாரை உதாசினங்கள் சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
பேரான காரியத்தைத் தவிர்க்க வேண்டாம்
பிணைபட்டுத் துணைபோகித் திரிய வேண்டாம்
வாராருங் குறவருடை வள்ளி பங்கன்
மயிலேறும் பெருமாளை வாழ்த்தாய் நெஞ்சே.


விளக்கம்


தகாத இடங்களுக்குப் போகக் கூடாது. ஒருவர் செய்த உதவியை மறக்கக் கூடாது. எல்லாரையும் பற்றி கோள் சொல்லிக் கொண்டு திரியக் கூடாது. நமக்கு வேண்டியவர்களை அலக்ஷ்யமாய்ப் பேசக்கூடாது. பெருமை தரும் கார்யங்களைத் தவிர்க்கக் கூடாது. கெட்ட செயல்களுக்குத் துணை போகக் கூடாது. நெஞ்சே! பெருமை பெற்ற குறவள்ளி மணவாளன், மயில் வாகனன், முருகப் பெருமானை போற்றுவாய்.


English Translation

Do not befriend people not fit to be seen with.
Do not forget those who have helped you.
Do not go about telling tales
Do not ignore those who trust you
Do not abandon noble acts
Do not be a slave to those who cause trouble
Praise the God who has Valli as his consort
and peacock as his mount


பாடல் : 8


மண்நின்று மண்ஓரம் சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
மனம்சலித்து சிலுக்கிட்டு திரிய வேண்டாம்
கண்அழிவு செய்துதுயர் காட்ட வேண்டாம்
காணாத வார்த்தையைக் கட்டுரைக்க வேண்டாம்
புண்படவே வார்த்தைகளை சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
புறஞ்சொல்லித் திரிவாரோடு இணங்க வேண்டாம்
மண்அளந்தான் தங்கைஉமை மைந்தன் எங்கோன்
மயிலேறும் பெருமாளை வாழ்த்தாய் நெஞ்சே.


விளக்கம்


நிலத்திலேயே வாழ்ந்து கொண்டு நிலத்தகராறில் ஒருசார்பாகத் தீர்ப்பு சொல்லக் கூடாது. மனம் சலித்து எவரோடும் சண்டை செய்யக் கூடாது. நம் துயரை எவரிடமும் அழுது தெரிவிக்கக் கூடாது. பார்க்காத ஒன்றைப் பற்றிப் பெரிதாகக் கற்பனை செய்து கூறக்கூடாது. பிறர் மனம் புண்படப் பேசக்கூடாது. கோள் சொல்லிக்கொண்டு அலைபவரோடு சேரக்கூடாது. நெஞ்சே! உலகளந்த விஷ்ணுவின் தங்கையான உமையாளின் மைந்தன், மயிலேறும் நம் தலைவன் முருகப் பெருமானைப் போற்று.


English Translation

Do not condemn the land you are standing on.
Do not quarrel with everyone due to frustration.
Do not hurt others by losing kindness.
Do not bear false witness
Do not use words to hurt others
Do not associate with those who backbite
Praise the son of Uma who is the sister of Vishnu
The One who has peacock as his mount



பாடல் : 9

மறம்பேசித் திரிவாரோடு இணங்க வேண்டாம்
வாதாடி வழக்கழிவு சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
திறம்பேசிக் கலகமிட்டுத் திரிய வேண்டாம்
தெய்வத்தை ஒருநாளும் மறக்க வேண்டாம்
இறந்தாலும் பொய்தன்னை சொல்ல வேண்டாம்
ஏசலிட்ட உற்றாரை நத்த வேண்டாம்
குறம்பேசி வாழ்கின்ற வள்ளி பங்கன்
குமரவேள் நாமத்தைக் கூறாய் நெஞ்சே


விளக்கம்


வீண்பேச்சு பேசி வலுச்சண்டை தேடுபவரோடு சேரக்கூடாது. பொய் சாக்ஷி சொல்லக்கூடாது. தந்திரமாய்ப் பேசிக்கலகமிடக் கூடாது. தெய்வத்தை மறக்கக்கூடாது. இறக்கும் நிலை வந்தாலும் பொய் கூறக்கூடாது. நம்மை ஏசிய உற்றாரிடம் உதவி கேட்கக்கூடாது. மனமே! குறி கூறும் குறவள்ளி மணவாளன், முருகப் பெருமான் நாமத்தைக் கூறுவாய்.


English Translation


Do not associate with immoral men.
Do not argue to maintain lies.
Do not threaten to show off your strength.
Do not forget the divine
Do not tell lies even when faced with death.
Do not visit relatives who don’t respect you.
He who has taken Kuraththi Valli as his consort
Speak his name of Kumaravel, Oh my heart!


பாடல் : 11

அஞ்சுபேர் கூலியைக் கைக்கொள்ள வேண்டாம்
அதுஏது இங்குஎன்னில் நீசொல்லக் கேளாய்
தஞ்சமுடன் வண்ணான் நாவிதன் தன்கூலி
சகலகலை ஓதுவித்த வாத்தியார் கூலி
வஞ்சமற நஞ்சறுத்த மருத்துவச்சி கூலி
மகாநோவு தனைதீர்த்த மருத்துவன் கூலி
இன்சொல்லுடன் இவர்கூலி கொடாத பேரை
ஏதேது செய்வானோ ஏமன் றானே.


விளக்கம்

ஐந்து நபர்களுடைய கூலியைக் கொடுக்காமல் இருக்கக் கூடாது. வண்ணான், க்ஷவரத் தொழில் செய்பவன், கலைகளைக் கற்றுக் கொடுத்த வாத்யார், ப்ரஸவம் பார்த்த மருத்துவச்சி, பெருநோயைக் குணப்படுத்திய மருத்துவன் இவர்களின் கூலியைக் கொடுக்காதவர்களை எமதர்மன் என்ன பாடு படுத்துவானோ?


English Translation

Do not deprive the wages of five groups of people
Listen, when I say who these groups are.
The wages of washer men and hairdresser.
The wages of the teacher who taught you all.
The wages of the midwife who cut the umbilical chord.
The wages of the physician who saved you from pain.
What kind of fate will they have to face
who don’t pay them with a pleasant word.


பாடல் : 12

கூறாக்கி ஒருகுடியைக் கெடுக்க வேண்டாம்
கொண்டைமேல் பூத்தேடி முடிக்க வேண்டாம்
தூறாக்கித் தலையிட்டுத் திரிய வேண்டாம்
துர்ச்சனராய்த் திரிவாரோடு இணங்க வேண்டாம்
வீறான தெய்வத்தை இகழ வேண்டாம்
வெற்றியுள்ள பெரியோரை வெறுக்க வேண்டாம்
மாறான குறவருடை வள்ளி பங்கன்
மயிலேறும் பெருமாளை வாழ்த்தாய் நெஞ்சே


விளக்கம்

ஒரு குடும்பத்தைப் பிளவு செய்து கெடுக்கக் கூடாது. கண்ணில் தெரியுமாறு கொண்டை மேல் பூ வைத்துக் கொள்ளக்கூடாது. அவதூறு சொல்வதே வேலையாகக் கொள்ளக் கூடாது. தீயவர் நட்பு கூடாது. தெய்வத்தை இகழக்கூடாது. பெரியோரை வெறுக்கக் கூடாது. நெஞ்சே! குறவள்ளி மணவாளன், மயில் வாகனன், முருகப் பெருமானை போற்றுவாய்.


English Translation


Do not cause separation of families
Do not take a flower that does not belong to you
Do not interfere with malicious intent
Do not befriend men of vicious nature
Do not belittle the almighty
Do not hate men of spiritual attainment
Praise the God who has Valli as his consort
and peacock as his mount


பாடல் : 13 

ஆதரித்துப் பலவகையால் பொருளும் தேடி
அருந்தமிழால் அறுமுகனைப் பாட வேண்டி
ஓதுவித்த வாசகத்தால் உலகநாதன்
உண்மையாய்ப் பாடிவைத்த உலகநீதி
காதலித்துக் கற்றோரும் கேட்ட பேரும்
கருத்துடனே நாள்தோறும் களிப்பினோடு
போதமுற்று மிகவாழ்ந்து புகழுந்தேடி
பூலோகம் உள்ளளவும் வாழ்வர் தாமே.


விளக்கம்

பலரைப் போற்றி, பலவகையில் பொருள் தேடிய உலகநாதனாகிய நான் கற்றகல்வியால், அருந்தமிழில் முருகனைப் பாட வேண்டி, அவன் திருவருளால் உலகநீதியை உண்மையாய்ப் பாடிவைத்தேன். இதனை விரும்பி, பொருள் தெரிந்து, நாள்தோறும் கற்றோரும், கேட்டோரும் பூலோகம் உள்ளளவும் களிப்போடும், புகழோடும் வாழ்வார்களாக.


English Translation


To praise Lord Arumugan in sacred Tamil verse
Ulakanathan who earned his wealth by fair means
Sang these verses on natural justice
with knowledge induced by the grace of God
Those who loved it, learnt it and listened to it
will live with happiness everyday.
They will gain wealth and adulation
As long as the earth exists.

About how DRAID works

What is DRAID


The distributed RAID was launched in 7.6.0 and allows a RAID5 or RAID6 array to be distributed over a larger set of drives. Previously if you created a RADI5 array over 8 drives, the data was striped across them with each stripe having a data strip on 7 of the drives and a parity strip on the 8th. In distributed RAID5 you specify the stripe width and the number of drives separately so you can still have 7 data strips protected by a parity strip but those 8 drives are selected from 64. On top of that we added distributed sparing, this is the idea that instead of having a spare sat on the side that isn't being used, each drive in the array gives up some of its capacity to make a spare.

Rebuild Performance


The main reason for distributed RAID is to improve rebuild performance. When a drive fails, the data from that drive has to be rebuilt from the surviving drives and written to a spare. By having a larger set of drives in the array those rebuild reads are coming from more drives and distributed sparing means the writes are going to a larger set of drives. Reading from a small set of drives and writing to a single drive is what causes rebuilds to take a long time in a traditional RAID, especially if the drive you are writing to is a 4TB nearline drive. When I say a long time, I mean over 24 hours. With RAID5 a second drive failure during a rebuild means the array goes offline and if the drive can't be resuscitated the entire array needs to be restored from backup, RAID6 copes with a second concurrent failure but a third is going to be terminal. Some products offer RAID7 to cope with 3 failures, but it is all just delaying the inevitable as the drives get bigger and rebuilds take longer.

As for how much the rebuild is reduced by, I don't have any official figures, what I can say is some configurations result in the rebuild completing in one-tenth of the time an equivalent rebuild would have taken using traditional RAID.



Number of Drives per DRAID Array


So one of the key decisions anyone has to make is how many drives to put into an array. As you increase the number of drives the rebuild time shortens but it isn't linear, and it doesn't go on forever, you start to hit other limits in the system. Our testing shows that about 64 is the sweet spot for spinning disks, the GUI will recommend between 40 and 80 assuming that you have at least 40 of the drive class you want to use. Typically I would suggest going with what the GUI recommends.

One of our recommendations is that you have heterogeneous pools, having different drive classes within the same tier is not a great idea. Unfortunately, the current GUI implementation is a little overzealous, and so can start disallowing some things that are fairly reasonable, such as someone trying to add a second array with drives that are slightly larger than the ones that make up the current array in the pool. For now, you have to resort to the CLI to work around this behavior.


There are times when you will want to override the GUI recommendations, the main reason is likely to boil down to the current limitation that arrays can't be expanded by adding new drives. So you might want to think about what you will do when the pool runs out of space, if it's a case of buying a new expansion with 24 drives then you might want to use 24 drives per array, or you might want to look at buying 2 expansions and adding 48 drives when it gets close to capacity.


Array Performance


Then we get onto the more complicated topic of performance, some people throw around the "rule of 4" as a commandment that cannot be disobeyed. If you aren't aware of the rule of 4 it stems back to the fact that V7000 gen1 has 4 cores for processing IO, each volume gets assigned to a core and each array gets assigned to a core, so a single volume using a single array could be only using 1 core for the majority of the IO processing. If you are in that situation and you have a performance critical system, and you have a workload that may be limited by the processing power, then you might want to use 4 arrays. However, with distributed raid came some improvements that allow some of the io processing for an array to be done outside of the assigned core so the problem is reduced, there are also performance advantages of having a single distributed raid array. If your system happens to fall nicely to having 4 arrays then that's great, but going out of your way to contort it to fit the rule is just going to give you more overheads.


The reason why one large array can improve performance is due to the SVC code allocating extents from a pool to a volume. By default those extents are now 1GB, that means if reading or writing to a 1GB extent you are only using the drives in one MDisk. For a random workload you would expect multiple extents to be active across all of the MDisks so all the drives are in use, but for a sequential workload, you tend to hit one extent rather hard then move onto the next. The cache tries to improve things but it's still very easy to get a situation where some drivers are sat idle. A distributed array uses every drive in the array for every extent so getting all drives active is much easier.


Having said all that when it comes to SSDs things are different. With a sizeable number of drives in an array, before you get drive limited you start to hit other limits in the system. There are plans afoot to overcome those limitations but for 7.6.0 I'd recommend keeping a distributed SSD array to 20 drives or less.


Rebuild Areas


One final topic is about the number of rebuild areas, a rebuilding area is an equivalent capacity to a single drive. So the more rebuild areas you have the more drives that can fail one after another. The number of rebuild areas you want is a mix of how many drives you have, how important the data is and how quickly you want to replace a failed drive. Once a drive has been replaced, the data then gets copied back from all the spare spaces to the replaced drive, so this is another case of writing to a single drive which can take a few days on the really large near lines. So the copy back time needs to be taken into account, replacing a drive doesn't immediately give you back the redundancy. My advice would be to go with the default suggested by the GUI, then add an extra one if the data is critical (but don't use the fact you are using extra rebuild areas to drop down from RAID6 to RAID5) or if you want to have some leeway to batch up replacing failed drives.

How to choose higher education wisely

Advise from HR

Just because I am holding a senior position in HR with L&T, I have been getting many requests from my relatives, friends,  acquaintances, to help their sons or daughters, who have freshly passed out from engineering college, to get job in L&T. The number of requests are huge. So many fresh engineers are unemployed, I could hardly be helped only a few of them to get job in L&T or in some other companies where I have contacts. I feel bad to say NO to many of the requests or for those whom I can't help. They get disappointed... I can understand. Parents invest their lifetime earned money just to see their sons or daughters in getting a degree in engineering.

They think that jobs are easily available for engineers. After interviewing many of them, I can't even tell them that your son or daughter do not even have minimum required technical knowledge. Getting first class or distinction has become so easy without having a fundamental knowledge of engineering. It's high time for parents to stop running behind engineering degrees.

USA produces around 1 lakh engineers per year for a $16 trillion economy.

India produces 15 lakhs engineers for a $2 trillion economy. 

The earlier mass recruiting sector was Manufacturing. It used to recruit from the core branches like Electrical, Mechanical, Civil etc. But, Manufacturing is relatively stagnant at 17% of the GDP. So the core branch placements have become very difficult.

The more recent mass recruiter was the IT sector. It grew from scratch to almost 5% of the GDP in a short time. IT Employed millions of engineers.

Now, IT is also saturating. Only good, skilled IT Engineers are in demand.

If you look at the sectoral composition of the Indian economy, most of the sectors do not need engineers. Tourism is 10% of the GDP, does not require engineers. The financial sector, Trade, Hotels and Restaurants do not require engineers. The requirement of engineers in Health, Education, Agriculture is also negligible.

More than 50% of the GDP has no role for Engineers. Still, most of the Indian youth are becoming Engineers. The situation is not sustainable.

Demand is low while supply is high. Over and above this, skill level of an average engineer is poor, almost its non-existent in many cases. If we leave aside the top 100–200 colleges, most fresh engineers have no idea of what they studied. Ask a fresh mechanical engineer, can s/he design a simple frame?

Today the situation is that most engineers are working in a field that has no connection to what they have studied in the college. This is a waste of resources.

The engineering degree does not come cheap. It costs about 10-15 lakhs. For poor parents, its a huge burden. When their son/daughter is not able to secure a job, they are devastated.

For the nation, you can calculate the loss. Leave around 1 lakh engineers that NASSCOM says are employable. The rest 14 lakhs have each wasted 10 lakhs of fees. That totals to around $20 Billion. Almost equal to the Government’s spending on healthcare. Over this, there is loss of human capital.

India needs to replan the whole engineering education system. Government need to cut down on the number of colleges and improve the quality in the rest.

Also, students should explore other career options than everyone becoming Engineers.

When it comes to education, a multitude of options are available today! From Aviation, to Hotel Management, Short Term Programs to big movie production courses, Data science, cyber security, Information Security, Cloud Technology Designing, Indian Armed Forces, Animation and VFX, Digital Marketing, Film Making, Technology Courses like SQL, PHP, Big Data, C, C++, etc. and much more!
For a majority of courses like these, there are entrance exams too, such as the NATA, CEED, NID entrance, NIFT entrance, NDA entrance, MBA Entrance, Hotel Management entrance, CET, NEET and many more! Here, the right training goes a long way in getting your child admission to their dream institute! Do you know what are the top career tracks of 2018 other than engineering?? See the following list.

1. Animation, VFX and Multimedia
2. Fashion Design, Event Management and Interior decoration.
3. Aeronautical and Aviation
4.  Film making, Script Writing and Acting.
5. Engineering computer, IT, cloud and data science.
6. Networking, information security.
7. Beauty, Modelling and Cosmetology
8. Fitness, dietitian and nutritionist
9. Foreign languages.
10. Music and Dance.

So, please share this with your relatives /friends / 12th pass students and r them in planning their education and career appropriately than madly running after engineering admissions!!

Thanks To

Dr. Sunil Jajit HR L&T

The Transition to DevOps

 Traditional Development Model

With the traditional Waterfall Development Model, the requirements for software are clear and well-defined in advance. The definition of the product itself is also stable. Developers program the software, after which, the operational teams handle its implementation.

But the world of IT is changing fast. Requirements change very often, and software must be developed at an ever-increasing pace. Not only must software and applications be marketed faster, but it must also be possible to constantly update them, easily add new features, and fix any bugs that are found. This is where the Agile Development Model really helps.

However, the team of developers is not the only ones who need to react quickly and efficiently. The operational team that must deploy and monitor new applications, should also react in a similar way with updates and add-ons. This leads to what is known as the DevOps approach.

While DevOps was created from a need in the early 2000’s, it has continuously evolved. In a recent finding from Puppet Labs in their 2015 State of DevOps Report, companies that adopt a DevOps culture experience “60x fewer failures and recover from failure 168x faster than their lower-performing peers. They also deploy 30x more frequently with 200x shorter lead times.”

So, what is DevOps?

DevOps is a movement that aims to improve communication, collaboration, and integration between the development and operations teams, whilst adopting the Agile methodology principles and practices throughout the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The aim is to improve software product delivery by reducing the time between development and deployment.

Are Agile and DevOps the same thing?

DevOps can be thought of as a branch of Agile. In a DevOps environment, the development phase of a system will adopt Agile practices and principles such as continuous improvement and rapid development. However, DevOps goes a bit further. It ensures that there is an extra focus on the development and operations teams collaborating closely, especially during the release/deployment and production support phases of the SDLC.

Here’s how an organization can transition to a DevOps culture effectively:

Start small: 

When shifting to DevOps, it is important to transition on a small scale. This can be done effectively by managing a low-risk, high-reward pilot project. It is important to get the development and operations teams in the same room and allow them to work together toward a common goal on the pilot project. Starting on a small scale ensures that any resistance to change is being catered for.

Eliminate the silo mentality: 

The silo mentality is where several departments or groups within an organization do not want to share information or knowledge with other individuals in the same organization. A DevOps environment thrives on collaboration. So, it is vital that the silo mentality and culture is eliminated. To eliminate this culture, a unified vision needs to be created within the organization. Employees of the company need to row in the same direction, but the executive teams must be engaged and in control of steering the boat.

Morph the mindset of the development and operations teams: 

Ensure that individuals representing Development and Operations are put on the same team and have regular meetings. There should be a point of contact representing development and operations in the same room at the same time. It is important to give this joint team a shared goal which will help to foster commonality.

Understand the shared tools strategy across development, testing, and deployment: 

The tool selection process often drives miscommunication within teams. A common selection strategy must adhere to a shared set of objectives amongst stakeholders. The strategy must also provide seamless collaboration and integration between tools. A key objective of the strategy is to automate as many processes as possible. Developers should be able to send new and updated software to deployment and operations with as little human interaction.

Use venture capitalist-style funding: 

Venture capitalists focus on value. They invest when projects hit milestones and when they need more funding to reach the next goal. They stop funding projects that aren’t working. Agile companies are now adopting this approach. Teams set delivery targets with the business, which are reviewed on a rolling basis against commitments (see our recent blog article on Benefits Maps and how these can aid in keeping projects on track). Goals are updated throughout the year and funding is released as needed.

Thanks to - Jasmine Scott

Copy-on-write and Redirect-on-write

What is Mean by Snapshot?

In computer systems, a snapshot is the state of a system at the particular point in time. The term was coined as an analogy to that in photography. It can refer to an actual copy of the state of a system or to a capability provided by certain systems.

Snapshot Types:-

-- Copy on Write Snapshot

-- A redirect-on-write Snapshot

Copy on Write Snapshot

Consider a copy-on-write system, which copies any blocks before they are overwritten with new information (i.e. it copies on writes). In other words, if a block in a protected entity is to be modified, the system will copy that block to a separate snapshot area before it is overwritten with the new information. This approach requires three I/O operations for each write: one read and two writes. Prior to overwriting a block, its previous value must be read and then written to a different location, followed by the write of the new information. If a process attempts to read the snapshot at some point in the future, it accesses it through the snapshot system that knows which blocks changed since the snapshot was taken. If a block has not been modified, the snapshot system will read that block from the original protected entity. If it has been modified, the snapshot system knows where the previous version of that block is stored and will read it from there. This decision process for each block also comes with some computational overhead.

A redirect-on-write Snapshot

A redirect-on-write system uses pointers to represent all protected entities. If a block needs modification, the storage system merely redirects the pointer for that block to another block and writes the data there (i.e. it redirects on writes). The snapshot system knows where all of the blocks are that comprise a given snapshot; in other words, it has a list of pointers and knows the location of the blocks those pointers are referring to. If a process attempts to access a given snapshot, it simply uses these pointers to access those blocks where they originally resided. The fact that some of those blocks were replaced and are now represented by other pointers is irrelevant to the snapshot process. There is zero computational overhead of reading a snapshot in a redirect-on-write system.A redirect-on-write system uses pointers to represent all protected entities. If a block needs modification, the storage system merely redirects the pointer for that block to another block and writes the data there (i.e. it redirects on writes). The snapshot system knows where all of the blocks are that comprise a given snapshot; in other words, it has a list of pointers and knows the location of the blocks those pointers are referring to. If a process attempts to access a given snapshot, it simply uses these pointers to access those blocks where they originally resided. The fact that some of those blocks were replaced and are now represented by other pointers is irrelevant to the snapshot process. There is zero computational overhead of reading a snapshot in a redirect-on-write system.

The redirect-on-write system uses 1/3 the number of I/O operations when modifying a protected block, and it uses no extra computational overhead reading a snapshot. Copy-on-write systems can, therefore, have a big impact on the performance of the protected entity. The more snapshots are created and the longer they are stored, the greater the impact to performance on the protected entity. This is why copy-on-write snapshots are typically used only as temporary sources for backup; they are created, backed up, and then immediately deleted. Redirect-on-write snapshots, however, are often created every hour – or even every few minutes — and stored for days or even months when they are deleted only for space reasons. (The longer a snapshot is stored, the more extra space is required to hold the previous versions of changed blocks.)

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